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I came out here Ito and a lot further

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I came out here Ito and a lot further
 

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I came out here Ito and a lot further
again

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hey babe

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I am

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welcome to this edition of NASA images

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welcome to this edition of NASA images
 

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welcome to this edition of NASA images
this is Lynn Bondurant during this show

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this is Lynn Bondurant during this show
 

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this is Lynn Bondurant during this show
were focusing on historic NASA

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were focusing on historic NASA
 

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were focusing on historic NASA
documentary footage showing some of the

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documentary footage showing some of the
 

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documentary footage showing some of the
discoveries about the solar system and

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discoveries about the solar system and
 

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discoveries about the solar system and
stars made by unmanned probes in 1979

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stars made by unmanned probes in 1979
 

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stars made by unmanned probes in 1979
and later our first film clip is from

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and later our first film clip is from
 

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and later our first film clip is from
1979 and shows some of the results of

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1979 and shows some of the results of
 

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1979 and shows some of the results of
the Voyager spacecraft encounters with

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the Voyager spacecraft encounters with
 

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the Voyager spacecraft encounters with
Jupiter and the Pioneer spacecraft flyby

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Jupiter and the Pioneer spacecraft flyby
 

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Jupiter and the Pioneer spacecraft flyby
of Saturn Jupiter largest of the sun's

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of Saturn Jupiter largest of the sun's
 

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of Saturn Jupiter largest of the sun's
nine planets was photographed close-up

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nine planets was photographed close-up
 

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nine planets was photographed close-up
by the voyagers 1 & 2 spacecraft what

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by the voyagers 1 & 2 spacecraft what
 

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by the voyagers 1 & 2 spacecraft what
their camera eyes recorded as they

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their camera eyes recorded as they
 

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their camera eyes recorded as they
passed by the giant planets churning

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passed by the giant planets churning
 

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passed by the giant planets churning
clouds were ribbon like streaks of red

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clouds were ribbon like streaks of red
 

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clouds were ribbon like streaks of red
and brown and yellow the wealth of data

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and brown and yellow the wealth of data
 

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and brown and yellow the wealth of data
and photographs left behind by the

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and photographs left behind by the
 

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and photographs left behind by the
voyagers are providing scientists a

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voyagers are providing scientists a
 

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voyagers are providing scientists a
valuable source of raw material to be

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valuable source of raw material to be
 

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valuable source of raw material to be
studied from Jupiter's newly discovered

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studied from Jupiter's newly discovered
 

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studied from Jupiter's newly discovered
ring to the active volcanoes of IO one

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ring to the active volcanoes of IO one
 

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ring to the active volcanoes of IO one
of its 14 surrounding moans the voyager

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of its 14 surrounding moans the voyager
 

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of its 14 surrounding moans the voyager
discoveries have surprised and delighted

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discoveries have surprised and delighted
 

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discoveries have surprised and delighted
nasa scientists information that may one

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nasa scientists information that may one
 

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nasa scientists information that may one
day help us better understand our own

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day help us better understand our own
 

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day help us better understand our own
earth and the voyagers mission did not

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earth and the voyagers mission did not
 

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earth and the voyagers mission did not
end at Jupiter the two spacecraft are

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end at Jupiter the two spacecraft are
 

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end at Jupiter the two spacecraft are
now speeding toward a rendezvous with

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now speeding toward a rendezvous with
 

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now speeding toward a rendezvous with
Saturn in 1980 and 1981 acting as

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Saturn in 1980 and 1981 acting as
 

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Saturn in 1980 and 1981 acting as
Pathfinder for the voyagers Pioneer 11

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Pathfinder for the voyagers Pioneer 11
 

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Pathfinder for the voyagers Pioneer 11
the 570 pound spacecraft climaxed

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the 570 pound spacecraft climaxed
 

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the 570 pound spacecraft climaxed
six-and-a-half years and a two billion

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six-and-a-half years and a two billion
 

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six-and-a-half years and a two billion
mile voyage in deep space as it swept by

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mile voyage in deep space as it swept by
 

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mile voyage in deep space as it swept by
Saturn at 70 1,200 miles per hour

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Saturn at 70 1,200 miles per hour
 

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Saturn at 70 1,200 miles per hour
scientists watched anxiously as pioneer

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scientists watched anxiously as pioneer
 

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scientists watched anxiously as pioneer
made its - our passage of Saturn's rings

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made its - our passage of Saturn's rings
 

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made its - our passage of Saturn's rings
four times the spacecraft was hit by

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four times the spacecraft was hit by
 

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four times the spacecraft was hit by
small pieces of debris but emerged

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small pieces of debris but emerged
 

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small pieces of debris but emerged
safely despite the collisions pioneer

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safely despite the collisions pioneer
 

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safely despite the collisions pioneer
had a closer look at Saturn that all the

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had a closer look at Saturn that all the
 

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had a closer look at Saturn that all the
observations that have been made in the

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observations that have been made in the
 

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observations that have been made in the
last 400 years photographs show what

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last 400 years photographs show what
 

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last 400 years photographs show what
appeared to be jet streams swirling

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appeared to be jet streams swirling
 

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appeared to be jet streams swirling
around Saturn at 300 miles an hour a new

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around Saturn at 300 miles an hour a new
 

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around Saturn at 300 miles an hour a new
ring circling the planets equator

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ring circling the planets equator
 

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ring circling the planets equator
and radiation belts that are more like

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and radiation belts that are more like
 

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and radiation belts that are more like
Earth's in their intensity and energy

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Earth's in their intensity and energy
 

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Earth's in their intensity and energy
levels the Pioneer 11 spacecraft dwarfed

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levels the Pioneer 11 spacecraft dwarfed
 

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levels the Pioneer 11 spacecraft dwarfed
by the objects it was sent to observe is

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by the objects it was sent to observe is
 

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by the objects it was sent to observe is
speeding out of the solar system in an

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speeding out of the solar system in an
 

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speeding out of the solar system in an
endless journey just before Voyager 1

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endless journey just before Voyager 1
 

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endless journey just before Voyager 1
was to fly by Saturn nASA released this

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was to fly by Saturn nASA released this
 

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was to fly by Saturn nASA released this
pre encounter film clip in October 1980

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we have looked beyond our atmosphere

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we have looked beyond our atmosphere
 

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we have looked beyond our atmosphere
many times but never have we seen what

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many times but never have we seen what
 

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many times but never have we seen what
we were about to see two Voyager

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we were about to see two Voyager
 

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we were about to see two Voyager
spacecraft are now approaching the

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spacecraft are now approaching the
 

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spacecraft are now approaching the
planet Saturn ring spectacle of gas and

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planet Saturn ring spectacle of gas and
 

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planet Saturn ring spectacle of gas and
ice and the second largest of our

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ice and the second largest of our
 

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ice and the second largest of our
planets there are special cameras aboard

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planets there are special cameras aboard
 

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planets there are special cameras aboard
the voyagers though which will

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the voyagers though which will
 

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the voyagers though which will
revolutionize our knowledge about Saturn

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revolutionize our knowledge about Saturn
 

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revolutionize our knowledge about Saturn
it's curious rings and it's 10 minutes

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it's curious rings and it's 10 minutes
 

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it's curious rings and it's 10 minutes
launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977 the

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launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977 the
 

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launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977 the
voyagers completed their tour of Jupiter

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voyagers completed their tour of Jupiter
 

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voyagers completed their tour of Jupiter
in 1979 when they returned 33,000

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in 1979 when they returned 33,000
 

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in 1979 when they returned 33,000
pictures to earth

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pictures to earth
 

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pictures to earth
because of photography uncovered some

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because of photography uncovered some
 

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because of photography uncovered some
remarkable findings

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remarkable findings
 

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remarkable findings
there's rumors like Saturn and 116

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there's rumors like Saturn and 116
 

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there's rumors like Saturn and 116
settle of experience has volcanic

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settle of experience has volcanic
 

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settle of experience has volcanic
activity

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the Voyager encounters with Saturn will

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the Voyager encounters with Saturn will
 

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the Voyager encounters with Saturn will
sharpen our impressions of the outer

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sharpen our impressions of the outer
 

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sharpen our impressions of the outer
reaches of our solar system it's cold

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reaches of our solar system it's cold
 

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reaches of our solar system it's cold
out there

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out there
 

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out there
nearly a billion miles from the Sun and

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nearly a billion miles from the Sun and
 

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nearly a billion miles from the Sun and
yet one of Saturn's moons the giant

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yet one of Saturn's moons the giant
 

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yet one of Saturn's moons the giant
Titan may have an atmosphere that could

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Titan may have an atmosphere that could
 

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Titan may have an atmosphere that could
support organic life an exploratory

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support organic life an exploratory
 

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support organic life an exploratory
spacecraft pioneer 11 journey past

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spacecraft pioneer 11 journey past
 

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spacecraft pioneer 11 journey past
Saturday year ago with less

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Saturday year ago with less
 

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Saturday year ago with less
sophisticated cameras pioneers

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sophisticated cameras pioneers
 

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sophisticated cameras pioneers
successfully passing through the

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successfully passing through the
 

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successfully passing through the
dangerous ranges and discovered a fifth

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dangerous ranges and discovered a fifth
 

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dangerous ranges and discovered a fifth
one which the voyagers should verify

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one which the voyagers should verify
 

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one which the voyagers should verify
with photographs

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well we can expect very good quality

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well we can expect very good quality
 

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well we can expect very good quality
photographs of Saturn one of the things

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photographs of Saturn one of the things
 

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photographs of Saturn one of the things
that made the the Jupiter pictures so

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that made the the Jupiter pictures so
 

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that made the the Jupiter pictures so
interesting with the surprises that were

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interesting with the surprises that were
 

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interesting with the surprises that were
that were seen in these in these

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that were seen in these in these
 

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that were seen in these in these
pictures now we know even less about the

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pictures now we know even less about the
 

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pictures now we know even less about the
about the Saturn system and so we might

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about the Saturn system and so we might
 

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about the Saturn system and so we might
expect more surprises than we had even

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expect more surprises than we had even
 

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expect more surprises than we had even
interpreting these computer-generated

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interpreting these computer-generated
 

203
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interpreting these computer-generated
pictures show what larger one will see

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pictures show what larger one will see
 

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pictures show what larger one will see
traveling toward its closest encounter

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traveling toward its closest encounter
 

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traveling toward its closest encounter
on November 12th it should reveal some

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on November 12th it should reveal some
 

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on November 12th it should reveal some
exciting discoveries about Saturn which

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exciting discoveries about Saturn which
 

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exciting discoveries about Saturn which
have been beyond our grasp on that date

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have been beyond our grasp on that date
 

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have been beyond our grasp on that date
Voyager 1 will dip near the clouds have

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Voyager 1 will dip near the clouds have
 

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Voyager 1 will dip near the clouds have
tightened to look for potential life

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tightened to look for potential life
 

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tightened to look for potential life
there then if we pass behind Saturn's

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there then if we pass behind Saturn's
 

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there then if we pass behind Saturn's
rings to study the planets mixture of

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rings to study the planets mixture of
 

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rings to study the planets mixture of
water and ice scientists think the rains

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water and ice scientists think the rains
 

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water and ice scientists think the rains
might have been formed from a shattered

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might have been formed from a shattered
 

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might have been formed from a shattered
satellite or some other body that was

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satellite or some other body that was
 

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satellite or some other body that was
pulled into Saturn's orbit by gravity to

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pulled into Saturn's orbit by gravity to
 

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pulled into Saturn's orbit by gravity to
us they seemed sleek and smooth but the

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us they seemed sleek and smooth but the
 

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us they seemed sleek and smooth but the
Rings are composed of huge chunks of ice

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Rings are composed of huge chunks of ice
 

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Rings are composed of huge chunks of ice
at close range they appear as an

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at close range they appear as an
 

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at close range they appear as an
asteroid snowstorm

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asteroid snowstorm
 

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asteroid snowstorm
Saturn's composition has been a

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Saturn's composition has been a
 

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Saturn's composition has been a
scientific puzzle because of the dense

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scientific puzzle because of the dense
 

241
00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:07,490
scientific puzzle because of the dense
clouds that extend 37,000 miles from the

242
00:06:07,490 --> 00:06:07,500
clouds that extend 37,000 miles from the
 

243
00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:10,760
clouds that extend 37,000 miles from the
planets rocky core we don't really even

244
00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:10,770
planets rocky core we don't really even
 

245
00:06:10,770 --> 00:06:12,650
planets rocky core we don't really even
know exactly how large many of the

246
00:06:12,650 --> 00:06:12,660
know exactly how large many of the
 

247
00:06:12,660 --> 00:06:15,710
know exactly how large many of the
Saturnian moons are because they're so

248
00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:15,720
Saturnian moons are because they're so
 

249
00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:19,190
Saturnian moons are because they're so
hard to measure from the earth and in

250
00:06:19,190 --> 00:06:19,200
hard to measure from the earth and in
 

251
00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:20,900
hard to measure from the earth and in
fact one of the major experiments that

252
00:06:20,900 --> 00:06:20,910
fact one of the major experiments that
 

253
00:06:20,910 --> 00:06:23,990
fact one of the major experiments that
we're conducting with all of the

254
00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:24,000
we're conducting with all of the
 

255
00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,940
we're conducting with all of the
instruments onboard the Voyager

256
00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:25,950
instruments onboard the Voyager
 

257
00:06:25,950 --> 00:06:27,740
instruments onboard the Voyager
spacecraft is a comparison of the

258
00:06:27,740 --> 00:06:27,750
spacecraft is a comparison of the
 

259
00:06:27,750 --> 00:06:29,360
spacecraft is a comparison of the
Jupiter system with the Saturnian system

260
00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:29,370
Jupiter system with the Saturnian system
 

261
00:06:29,370 --> 00:06:32,360
Jupiter system with the Saturnian system
to see how they differ and why they

262
00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:32,370
to see how they differ and why they
 

263
00:06:32,370 --> 00:06:35,510
to see how they differ and why they
differ the voyagers were planned to

264
00:06:35,510 --> 00:06:35,520
differ the voyagers were planned to
 

265
00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:37,430
differ the voyagers were planned to
affirm our beliefs about Saturn and

266
00:06:37,430 --> 00:06:37,440
affirm our beliefs about Saturn and
 

267
00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:39,290
affirm our beliefs about Saturn and
Jupiter but they've been so successful

268
00:06:39,290 --> 00:06:39,300
Jupiter but they've been so successful
 

269
00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:42,170
Jupiter but they've been so successful
that NASA is sending Voyager 2 on to

270
00:06:42,170 --> 00:06:42,180
that NASA is sending Voyager 2 on to
 

271
00:06:42,180 --> 00:06:45,800
that NASA is sending Voyager 2 on to
Uranus after it tours Saturn next August

272
00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:45,810
Uranus after it tours Saturn next August
 

273
00:06:45,810 --> 00:06:47,870
Uranus after it tours Saturn next August
Voyager 2 will travel at an average

274
00:06:47,870 --> 00:06:47,880
Voyager 2 will travel at an average
 

275
00:06:47,880 --> 00:06:50,900
Voyager 2 will travel at an average
speed of 60,000 miles per hour reaching

276
00:06:50,900 --> 00:06:50,910
speed of 60,000 miles per hour reaching
 

277
00:06:50,910 --> 00:06:54,830
speed of 60,000 miles per hour reaching
the seventh planet Uranus by 1986 after

278
00:06:54,830 --> 00:06:54,840
the seventh planet Uranus by 1986 after
 

279
00:06:54,840 --> 00:06:57,020
the seventh planet Uranus by 1986 after
that the spacecraft may venture even

280
00:06:57,020 --> 00:06:57,030
that the spacecraft may venture even
 

281
00:06:57,030 --> 00:07:00,040
that the spacecraft may venture even
farther to Neptune

282
00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:00,050
farther to Neptune
 

283
00:07:00,050 --> 00:07:02,050
farther to Neptune
when the voyagers finished their mission

284
00:07:02,050 --> 00:07:02,060
when the voyagers finished their mission
 

285
00:07:02,060 --> 00:07:04,210
when the voyagers finished their mission
they will lose contact with earth and

286
00:07:04,210 --> 00:07:04,220
they will lose contact with earth and
 

287
00:07:04,220 --> 00:07:07,900
they will lose contact with earth and
tumble and enslave into new galaxies but

288
00:07:07,900 --> 00:07:07,910
tumble and enslave into new galaxies but
 

289
00:07:07,910 --> 00:07:10,240
tumble and enslave into new galaxies but
then they will observe their members for

290
00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:10,250
then they will observe their members for
 

291
00:07:10,250 --> 00:07:13,450
then they will observe their members for
what was Fantasia and speculation in our

292
00:07:13,450 --> 00:07:13,460
what was Fantasia and speculation in our
 

293
00:07:13,460 --> 00:07:16,420
what was Fantasia and speculation in our
minds has become factual knowledge about

294
00:07:16,420 --> 00:07:16,430
minds has become factual knowledge about
 

295
00:07:16,430 --> 00:07:23,710
minds has become factual knowledge about
space one of the last frontiers when

296
00:07:23,710 --> 00:07:23,720
space one of the last frontiers when
 

297
00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:25,390
space one of the last frontiers when
Voyager one dead speed through the

298
00:07:25,390 --> 00:07:25,400
Voyager one dead speed through the
 

299
00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:27,100
Voyager one dead speed through the
Saturn system there were some surprises

300
00:07:27,100 --> 00:07:27,110
Saturn system there were some surprises
 

301
00:07:27,110 --> 00:07:30,159
Saturn system there were some surprises
as we'll see next and we'll also see a

302
00:07:30,159 --> 00:07:30,169
as we'll see next and we'll also see a
 

303
00:07:30,169 --> 00:07:32,140
as we'll see next and we'll also see a
short report on how the solar max

304
00:07:32,140 --> 00:07:32,150
short report on how the solar max
 

305
00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:36,249
short report on how the solar max
satellite looked at the Sun these people

306
00:07:36,249 --> 00:07:36,259
satellite looked at the Sun these people
 

307
00:07:36,259 --> 00:07:39,279
satellite looked at the Sun these people
here in Mission Control were responsible

308
00:07:39,279 --> 00:07:39,289
here in Mission Control were responsible
 

309
00:07:39,289 --> 00:07:42,580
here in Mission Control were responsible
for guiding NASA's 1,800 pound unmanned

310
00:07:42,580 --> 00:07:42,590
for guiding NASA's 1,800 pound unmanned
 

311
00:07:42,590 --> 00:07:45,999
for guiding NASA's 1,800 pound unmanned
Voyager 1 spacecraft some billion miles

312
00:07:45,999 --> 00:07:46,009
Voyager 1 spacecraft some billion miles
 

313
00:07:46,009 --> 00:07:51,189
Voyager 1 spacecraft some billion miles
through space on November 12th after a

314
00:07:51,189 --> 00:07:51,199
through space on November 12th after a
 

315
00:07:51,199 --> 00:07:52,360
through space on November 12th after a
three-year journey

316
00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:52,370
three-year journey
 

317
00:07:52,370 --> 00:07:54,580
three-year journey
Voyager 1 made its closest encounter

318
00:07:54,580 --> 00:07:54,590
Voyager 1 made its closest encounter
 

319
00:07:54,590 --> 00:08:00,249
Voyager 1 made its closest encounter
with the planet Saturn Voyager has

320
00:08:00,249 --> 00:08:00,259
with the planet Saturn Voyager has
 

321
00:08:00,259 --> 00:08:03,540
with the planet Saturn Voyager has
returned more than 18,000 photographs

322
00:08:03,540 --> 00:08:03,550
returned more than 18,000 photographs
 

323
00:08:03,550 --> 00:08:05,860
returned more than 18,000 photographs
photographs that are giving scientists

324
00:08:05,860 --> 00:08:05,870
photographs that are giving scientists
 

325
00:08:05,870 --> 00:08:08,050
photographs that are giving scientists
excellent close-up views and new

326
00:08:08,050 --> 00:08:08,060
excellent close-up views and new
 

327
00:08:08,060 --> 00:08:10,480
excellent close-up views and new
information about the huge planet and

328
00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:10,490
information about the huge planet and
 

329
00:08:10,490 --> 00:08:15,459
information about the huge planet and
its many moons with the help of computer

330
00:08:15,459 --> 00:08:15,469
its many moons with the help of computer
 

331
00:08:15,469 --> 00:08:18,070
its many moons with the help of computer
animation you can take a ride on Voyager

332
00:08:18,070 --> 00:08:18,080
animation you can take a ride on Voyager
 

333
00:08:18,080 --> 00:08:24,159
animation you can take a ride on Voyager
to Saturn and its major moons voyagers

334
00:08:24,159 --> 00:08:24,169
to Saturn and its major moons voyagers
 

335
00:08:24,169 --> 00:08:26,740
to Saturn and its major moons voyagers
11 scientific instruments probed deep

336
00:08:26,740 --> 00:08:26,750
11 scientific instruments probed deep
 

337
00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:29,080
11 scientific instruments probed deep
into the atmosphere of Saturn and gave

338
00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:29,090
into the atmosphere of Saturn and gave
 

339
00:08:29,090 --> 00:08:30,850
into the atmosphere of Saturn and gave
us an unprecedented view of those

340
00:08:30,850 --> 00:08:30,860
us an unprecedented view of those
 

341
00:08:30,860 --> 00:08:34,209
us an unprecedented view of those
incredible rings we now know there are

342
00:08:34,209 --> 00:08:34,219
incredible rings we now know there are
 

343
00:08:34,219 --> 00:08:36,760
incredible rings we now know there are
six major ring systems made up of

344
00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:36,770
six major ring systems made up of
 

345
00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:39,819
six major ring systems made up of
possibly as many as a thousand rings the

346
00:08:39,819 --> 00:08:39,829
possibly as many as a thousand rings the
 

347
00:08:39,829 --> 00:08:42,519
possibly as many as a thousand rings the
Rings are Sun reflecting icy objects

348
00:08:42,519 --> 00:08:42,529
Rings are Sun reflecting icy objects
 

349
00:08:42,529 --> 00:08:45,310
Rings are Sun reflecting icy objects
ranging from Boulder sized to small

350
00:08:45,310 --> 00:08:45,320
ranging from Boulder sized to small
 

351
00:08:45,320 --> 00:08:47,710
ranging from Boulder sized to small
particles that whirl around the planet

352
00:08:47,710 --> 00:08:47,720
particles that whirl around the planet
 

353
00:08:47,720 --> 00:08:51,639
particles that whirl around the planet
at very high speeds and those moons are

354
00:08:51,639 --> 00:08:51,649
at very high speeds and those moons are
 

355
00:08:51,649 --> 00:08:54,850
at very high speeds and those moons are
satellites like outriders they encircle

356
00:08:54,850 --> 00:08:54,860
satellites like outriders they encircle
 

357
00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:57,430
satellites like outriders they encircle
Saturn generating as much scientific

358
00:08:57,430 --> 00:08:57,440
Saturn generating as much scientific
 

359
00:08:57,440 --> 00:08:59,410
Saturn generating as much scientific
interest as the great ringed planet

360
00:08:59,410 --> 00:08:59,420
interest as the great ringed planet
 

361
00:08:59,420 --> 00:09:00,389
interest as the great ringed planet
itself

362
00:09:00,389 --> 00:09:00,399
itself
 

363
00:09:00,399 --> 00:09:03,819
itself
- Tethys D&E

364
00:09:03,819 --> 00:09:03,829
- Tethys D&E
 

365
00:09:03,829 --> 00:09:08,850
- Tethys D&E
rheya Titan and a host of smaller ones

366
00:09:08,850 --> 00:09:08,860
rheya Titan and a host of smaller ones
 

367
00:09:08,860 --> 00:09:11,530
rheya Titan and a host of smaller ones
more than a thousand journalists were on

368
00:09:11,530 --> 00:09:11,540
more than a thousand journalists were on
 

369
00:09:11,540 --> 00:09:12,990
more than a thousand journalists were on
hand to witness the India

370
00:09:12,990 --> 00:09:13,000
hand to witness the India
 

371
00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:15,030
hand to witness the India
and attend the science briefings that

372
00:09:15,030 --> 00:09:15,040
and attend the science briefings that
 

373
00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:17,730
and attend the science briefings that
follow and these were some of the

374
00:09:17,730 --> 00:09:17,740
follow and these were some of the
 

375
00:09:17,740 --> 00:09:19,860
follow and these were some of the
storytellers the engineers and

376
00:09:19,860 --> 00:09:19,870
storytellers the engineers and
 

377
00:09:19,870 --> 00:09:22,470
storytellers the engineers and
scientists themselves it's always

378
00:09:22,470 --> 00:09:22,480
scientists themselves it's always
 

379
00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:24,570
scientists themselves it's always
gratifying to have the results be

380
00:09:24,570 --> 00:09:24,580
gratifying to have the results be
 

381
00:09:24,580 --> 00:09:25,860
gratifying to have the results be
something more than what was expected

382
00:09:25,860 --> 00:09:25,870
something more than what was expected
 

383
00:09:25,870 --> 00:09:28,500
something more than what was expected
and Saturn and what we have found was

384
00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:28,510
and Saturn and what we have found was
 

385
00:09:28,510 --> 00:09:31,710
and Saturn and what we have found was
not expected I suspect even for the next

386
00:09:31,710 --> 00:09:31,720
not expected I suspect even for the next
 

387
00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:32,580
not expected I suspect even for the next
few years

388
00:09:32,580 --> 00:09:32,590
few years
 

389
00:09:32,590 --> 00:09:35,280
few years
we will find new discoveries in the data

390
00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:35,290
we will find new discoveries in the data
 

391
00:09:35,290 --> 00:09:36,870
we will find new discoveries in the data
which we've acquired in the last few

392
00:09:36,870 --> 00:09:36,880
which we've acquired in the last few
 

393
00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:38,610
which we've acquired in the last few
days and as we see more and more

394
00:09:38,610 --> 00:09:38,620
days and as we see more and more
 

395
00:09:38,620 --> 00:09:40,620
days and as we see more and more
examples of the way the universe can put

396
00:09:40,620 --> 00:09:40,630
examples of the way the universe can put
 

397
00:09:40,630 --> 00:09:42,000
examples of the way the universe can put
planets together we find that our

398
00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:42,010
planets together we find that our
 

399
00:09:42,010 --> 00:09:43,830
planets together we find that our
terrestrial perspective in explaining

400
00:09:43,830 --> 00:09:43,840
terrestrial perspective in explaining
 

401
00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:45,900
terrestrial perspective in explaining
our own planet has been rather limited

402
00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:45,910
our own planet has been rather limited
 

403
00:09:45,910 --> 00:09:48,380
our own planet has been rather limited
we get new ideas from this what we

404
00:09:48,380 --> 00:09:48,390
we get new ideas from this what we
 

405
00:09:48,390 --> 00:09:51,150
we get new ideas from this what we
learned about Saturn during that

406
00:09:51,150 --> 00:09:51,160
learned about Saturn during that
 

407
00:09:51,160 --> 00:09:53,670
learned about Saturn during that
encounter and during the months that

408
00:09:53,670 --> 00:09:53,680
encounter and during the months that
 

409
00:09:53,680 --> 00:09:56,760
encounter and during the months that
preceded it have really rewritten the

410
00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:56,770
preceded it have really rewritten the
 

411
00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:00,720
preceded it have really rewritten the
text books on Saturn next August Voyager

412
00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:00,730
text books on Saturn next August Voyager
 

413
00:10:00,730 --> 00:10:03,300
text books on Saturn next August Voyager
2 will approach Saturn pass by the ring

414
00:10:03,300 --> 00:10:03,310
2 will approach Saturn pass by the ring
 

415
00:10:03,310 --> 00:10:05,100
2 will approach Saturn pass by the ring
spectacle of gas and ice from a

416
00:10:05,100 --> 00:10:05,110
spectacle of gas and ice from a
 

417
00:10:05,110 --> 00:10:07,230
spectacle of gas and ice from a
different angle and then fly on to

418
00:10:07,230 --> 00:10:07,240
different angle and then fly on to
 

419
00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:11,070
different angle and then fly on to
Uranus arriving there in 1986 it may

420
00:10:11,070 --> 00:10:11,080
Uranus arriving there in 1986 it may
 

421
00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,530
Uranus arriving there in 1986 it may
also travel to Neptune before leaving

422
00:10:13,530 --> 00:10:13,540
also travel to Neptune before leaving
 

423
00:10:13,540 --> 00:10:19,530
also travel to Neptune before leaving
our solar system from Earth it appears

424
00:10:19,530 --> 00:10:19,540
our solar system from Earth it appears
 

425
00:10:19,540 --> 00:10:23,460
our solar system from Earth it appears
as a warm friendly ball an integral part

426
00:10:23,460 --> 00:10:23,470
as a warm friendly ball an integral part
 

427
00:10:23,470 --> 00:10:27,600
as a warm friendly ball an integral part
of everything living but up close it's a

428
00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:27,610
of everything living but up close it's a
 

429
00:10:27,610 --> 00:10:30,360
of everything living but up close it's a
churning solar furnace that spouts solar

430
00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:30,370
churning solar furnace that spouts solar
 

431
00:10:30,370 --> 00:10:32,220
churning solar furnace that spouts solar
flares in an atmosphere that's

432
00:10:32,220 --> 00:10:32,230
flares in an atmosphere that's
 

433
00:10:32,230 --> 00:10:35,760
flares in an atmosphere that's
constantly changing and explosive little

434
00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:35,770
constantly changing and explosive little
 

435
00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:38,490
constantly changing and explosive little
wonder that our star the Sun has been

436
00:10:38,490 --> 00:10:38,500
wonder that our star the Sun has been
 

437
00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:40,020
wonder that our star the Sun has been
the focal point of scientific

438
00:10:40,020 --> 00:10:40,030
the focal point of scientific
 

439
00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,170
the focal point of scientific
investigation for centuries to reel a

440
00:10:43,170 --> 00:10:43,180
investigation for centuries to reel a
 

441
00:10:43,180 --> 00:10:45,570
investigation for centuries to reel a
sophisticated pictures and data about

442
00:10:45,570 --> 00:10:45,580
sophisticated pictures and data about
 

443
00:10:45,580 --> 00:10:48,300
sophisticated pictures and data about
the Sun and its energy cycles NASA

444
00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:48,310
the Sun and its energy cycles NASA
 

445
00:10:48,310 --> 00:10:52,530
the Sun and its energy cycles NASA
launched the solar max in 1980 short for

446
00:10:52,530 --> 00:10:52,540
launched the solar max in 1980 short for
 

447
00:10:52,540 --> 00:10:57,060
launched the solar max in 1980 short for
solar maximum mission being returned are

448
00:10:57,060 --> 00:10:57,070
solar maximum mission being returned are
 

449
00:10:57,070 --> 00:10:59,820
solar maximum mission being returned are
the first true close-up views of the

450
00:10:59,820 --> 00:10:59,830
the first true close-up views of the
 

451
00:10:59,830 --> 00:11:02,130
the first true close-up views of the
mysterious spots and solar flares that

452
00:11:02,130 --> 00:11:02,140
mysterious spots and solar flares that
 

453
00:11:02,140 --> 00:11:05,579
mysterious spots and solar flares that
energized the sun's surface all this

454
00:11:05,579 --> 00:11:05,589
energized the sun's surface all this
 

455
00:11:05,589 --> 00:11:07,920
energized the sun's surface all this
part of an effort to learn how we can

456
00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:07,930
part of an effort to learn how we can
 

457
00:11:07,930 --> 00:11:10,140
part of an effort to learn how we can
channel the Sun into an even more

458
00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:10,150
channel the Sun into an even more
 

459
00:11:10,150 --> 00:11:13,680
channel the Sun into an even more
effective energy source our next clip

460
00:11:13,680 --> 00:11:13,690
effective energy source our next clip
 

461
00:11:13,690 --> 00:11:16,800
effective energy source our next clip
from September 1981 shows us some of the

462
00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:16,810
from September 1981 shows us some of the
 

463
00:11:16,810 --> 00:11:21,800
from September 1981 shows us some of the
Voyager 2 results from Saturn

464
00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:21,810

 

465
00:11:21,810 --> 00:11:24,660

those music like sounds are actually

466
00:11:24,660 --> 00:11:24,670
those music like sounds are actually
 

467
00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,540
those music like sounds are actually
radio waves picked up by the plasma wave

468
00:11:27,540 --> 00:11:27,550
radio waves picked up by the plasma wave
 

469
00:11:27,550 --> 00:11:29,670
radio waves picked up by the plasma wave
detector on NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft

470
00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:29,680
detector on NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft
 

471
00:11:29,680 --> 00:11:33,030
detector on NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft
as it approached and swept by the planet

472
00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:33,040
as it approached and swept by the planet
 

473
00:11:33,040 --> 00:11:36,060
as it approached and swept by the planet
Saturn after a four-year billion mile

474
00:11:36,060 --> 00:11:36,070
Saturn after a four-year billion mile
 

475
00:11:36,070 --> 00:11:36,660
Saturn after a four-year billion mile
journey

476
00:11:36,660 --> 00:11:36,670
journey
 

477
00:11:36,670 --> 00:11:40,290
journey
Voyager 2 passed within 63,000 miles of

478
00:11:40,290 --> 00:11:40,300
Voyager 2 passed within 63,000 miles of
 

479
00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:42,600
Voyager 2 passed within 63,000 miles of
the many-colored planet and transmitted

480
00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:42,610
the many-colored planet and transmitted
 

481
00:11:42,610 --> 00:11:44,490
the many-colored planet and transmitted
back thousands of extremely clear

482
00:11:44,490 --> 00:11:44,500
back thousands of extremely clear
 

483
00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,070
back thousands of extremely clear
pictures astronomers were surprised at

484
00:11:47,070 --> 00:11:47,080
pictures astronomers were surprised at
 

485
00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:48,510
pictures astronomers were surprised at
the complexity of Saturn's rings

486
00:11:48,510 --> 00:11:48,520
the complexity of Saturn's rings
 

487
00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:50,850
the complexity of Saturn's rings
including what appeared to be spokes

488
00:11:50,850 --> 00:11:50,860
including what appeared to be spokes
 

489
00:11:50,860 --> 00:11:53,980
including what appeared to be spokes
running across them

490
00:11:53,980 --> 00:11:53,990

 

491
00:11:53,990 --> 00:11:56,660

during one experiment scientists watched

492
00:11:56,660 --> 00:11:56,670
during one experiment scientists watched
 

493
00:11:56,670 --> 00:11:58,939
during one experiment scientists watched
a star come out from behind Saturn and

494
00:11:58,939 --> 00:11:58,949
a star come out from behind Saturn and
 

495
00:11:58,949 --> 00:12:01,579
a star come out from behind Saturn and
go behind the Rings they then measured

496
00:12:01,579 --> 00:12:01,589
go behind the Rings they then measured
 

497
00:12:01,589 --> 00:12:03,470
go behind the Rings they then measured
the amount of starlight a hundred times

498
00:12:03,470 --> 00:12:03,480
the amount of starlight a hundred times
 

499
00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:08,989
the amount of starlight a hundred times
a second as it blinked on and off what

500
00:12:08,989 --> 00:12:08,999
a second as it blinked on and off what
 

501
00:12:08,999 --> 00:12:11,090
a second as it blinked on and off what
they found were many many individual

502
00:12:11,090 --> 00:12:11,100
they found were many many individual
 

503
00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:13,369
they found were many many individual
streams of particles orbiting Saturn

504
00:12:13,369 --> 00:12:13,379
streams of particles orbiting Saturn
 

505
00:12:13,379 --> 00:12:16,460
streams of particles orbiting Saturn
like waves in the ocean Saturn also has

506
00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:16,470
like waves in the ocean Saturn also has
 

507
00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:17,600
like waves in the ocean Saturn also has
very interesting weather

508
00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:17,610
very interesting weather
 

509
00:12:17,610 --> 00:12:19,850
very interesting weather
according to imaging team leader dr.

510
00:12:19,850 --> 00:12:19,860
according to imaging team leader dr.
 

511
00:12:19,860 --> 00:12:23,480
according to imaging team leader dr.
Bradford a Smith the in fact have found

512
00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:23,490
Bradford a Smith the in fact have found
 

513
00:12:23,490 --> 00:12:25,249
Bradford a Smith the in fact have found
that there are similarities between the

514
00:12:25,249 --> 00:12:25,259
that there are similarities between the
 

515
00:12:25,259 --> 00:12:27,769
that there are similarities between the
Saturnian weather and terrestrial

516
00:12:27,769 --> 00:12:27,779
Saturnian weather and terrestrial
 

517
00:12:27,779 --> 00:12:30,530
Saturnian weather and terrestrial
weather so that the analysis which is

518
00:12:30,530 --> 00:12:30,540
weather so that the analysis which is
 

519
00:12:30,540 --> 00:12:34,879
weather so that the analysis which is
still going on in trying to understand

520
00:12:34,879 --> 00:12:34,889
still going on in trying to understand
 

521
00:12:34,889 --> 00:12:36,650
still going on in trying to understand
the dynamics of that of that Saturn

522
00:12:36,650 --> 00:12:36,660
the dynamics of that of that Saturn
 

523
00:12:36,660 --> 00:12:38,960
the dynamics of that of that Saturn
system those analyses sooner or later

524
00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:38,970
system those analyses sooner or later
 

525
00:12:38,970 --> 00:12:40,790
system those analyses sooner or later
are going to be helpful in interpreting

526
00:12:40,790 --> 00:12:40,800
are going to be helpful in interpreting
 

527
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:44,420
are going to be helpful in interpreting
our own Earth's meteorology Saturn is

528
00:12:44,420 --> 00:12:44,430
our own Earth's meteorology Saturn is
 

529
00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:46,970
our own Earth's meteorology Saturn is
surrounded by signs of collisions small

530
00:12:46,970 --> 00:12:46,980
surrounded by signs of collisions small
 

531
00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:51,799
surrounded by signs of collisions small
odd shaped bodies of rock and ice the

532
00:12:51,799 --> 00:12:51,809
odd shaped bodies of rock and ice the
 

533
00:12:51,809 --> 00:12:53,929
odd shaped bodies of rock and ice the
Lawrence a soda blossom chief of astro

534
00:12:53,929 --> 00:12:53,939
Lawrence a soda blossom chief of astro
 

535
00:12:53,939 --> 00:12:56,119
Lawrence a soda blossom chief of astro
geologic studies for the US Geological

536
00:12:56,119 --> 00:12:56,129
geologic studies for the US Geological
 

537
00:12:56,129 --> 00:12:58,519
geologic studies for the US Geological
Survey specializes in the study of

538
00:12:58,519 --> 00:12:58,529
Survey specializes in the study of
 

539
00:12:58,529 --> 00:13:02,389
Survey specializes in the study of
Saturn's moons or satellites what we've

540
00:13:02,389 --> 00:13:02,399
Saturn's moons or satellites what we've
 

541
00:13:02,399 --> 00:13:04,879
Saturn's moons or satellites what we've
seen from the combined missions now is

542
00:13:04,879 --> 00:13:04,889
seen from the combined missions now is
 

543
00:13:04,889 --> 00:13:07,400
seen from the combined missions now is
that the collection of objects that we

544
00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:07,410
that the collection of objects that we
 

545
00:13:07,410 --> 00:13:10,249
that the collection of objects that we
find in the Saturnian satellite system

546
00:13:10,249 --> 00:13:10,259
find in the Saturnian satellite system
 

547
00:13:10,259 --> 00:13:13,040
find in the Saturnian satellite system
extremely varied and unanticipated in

548
00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:13,050
extremely varied and unanticipated in
 

549
00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:14,780
extremely varied and unanticipated in
terms of the geologic activity and the

550
00:13:14,780 --> 00:13:14,790
terms of the geologic activity and the
 

551
00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:17,660
terms of the geologic activity and the
degree to which these objects have

552
00:13:17,660 --> 00:13:17,670
degree to which these objects have
 

553
00:13:17,670 --> 00:13:20,449
degree to which these objects have
remained active and alive Enceladus

554
00:13:20,449 --> 00:13:20,459
remained active and alive Enceladus
 

555
00:13:20,459 --> 00:13:23,540
remained active and alive Enceladus
whatja to discovered has been active

556
00:13:23,540 --> 00:13:23,550
whatja to discovered has been active
 

557
00:13:23,550 --> 00:13:26,059
whatja to discovered has been active
over most of geologic history this is

558
00:13:26,059 --> 00:13:26,069
over most of geologic history this is
 

559
00:13:26,069 --> 00:13:28,610
over most of geologic history this is
extremely puzzling thing to have an

560
00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:28,620
extremely puzzling thing to have an
 

561
00:13:28,620 --> 00:13:30,439
extremely puzzling thing to have an
object that has been continually

562
00:13:30,439 --> 00:13:30,449
object that has been continually
 

563
00:13:30,449 --> 00:13:33,049
object that has been continually
replacing sections of a surface but

564
00:13:33,049 --> 00:13:33,059
replacing sections of a surface but
 

565
00:13:33,059 --> 00:13:34,730
replacing sections of a surface but
actually has a mass that's something

566
00:13:34,730 --> 00:13:34,740
actually has a mass that's something
 

567
00:13:34,740 --> 00:13:37,819
actually has a mass that's something
like one part in a hundred thousand the

568
00:13:37,819 --> 00:13:37,829
like one part in a hundred thousand the
 

569
00:13:37,829 --> 00:13:40,999
like one part in a hundred thousand the
mass of the earth the planet-sized moon

570
00:13:40,999 --> 00:13:41,009
mass of the earth the planet-sized moon
 

571
00:13:41,009 --> 00:13:42,710
mass of the earth the planet-sized moon
Titan has many of the characteristics

572
00:13:42,710 --> 00:13:42,720
Titan has many of the characteristics
 

573
00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:45,139
Titan has many of the characteristics
that may have existed on earth in its

574
00:13:45,139 --> 00:13:45,149
that may have existed on earth in its
 

575
00:13:45,149 --> 00:13:47,900
that may have existed on earth in its
early geologic history its atmosphere is

576
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:47,910
early geologic history its atmosphere is
 

577
00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:51,439
early geologic history its atmosphere is
dominated by 82% nitrogen gas compared

578
00:13:51,439 --> 00:13:51,449
dominated by 82% nitrogen gas compared
 

579
00:13:51,449 --> 00:13:54,319
dominated by 82% nitrogen gas compared
with 79% on earth but instead of oxygen

580
00:13:54,319 --> 00:13:54,329
with 79% on earth but instead of oxygen
 

581
00:13:54,329 --> 00:13:56,900
with 79% on earth but instead of oxygen
it has methane and hydrogen and it's

582
00:13:56,900 --> 00:13:56,910
it has methane and hydrogen and it's
 

583
00:13:56,910 --> 00:13:59,840
it has methane and hydrogen and it's
very cold and smoggy Voyager twos

584
00:13:59,840 --> 00:13:59,850
very cold and smoggy Voyager twos
 

585
00:13:59,850 --> 00:14:01,999
very cold and smoggy Voyager twos
cameras have been turned off and will

586
00:14:01,999 --> 00:14:02,009
cameras have been turned off and will
 

587
00:14:02,009 --> 00:14:03,799
cameras have been turned off and will
remain off most of the time for the next

588
00:14:03,799 --> 00:14:03,809
remain off most of the time for the next
 

589
00:14:03,809 --> 00:14:05,570
remain off most of the time for the next
four years

590
00:14:05,570 --> 00:14:05,580
four years
 

591
00:14:05,580 --> 00:14:07,600
four years
even so engineers at NASA's Johnson

592
00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:07,610
even so engineers at NASA's Johnson
 

593
00:14:07,610 --> 00:14:10,040
even so engineers at NASA's Johnson
laboratory will be watching and guiding

594
00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:10,050
laboratory will be watching and guiding
 

595
00:14:10,050 --> 00:14:11,840
laboratory will be watching and guiding
it toward its next rendezvous with the

596
00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:11,850
it toward its next rendezvous with the
 

597
00:14:11,850 --> 00:14:15,140
it toward its next rendezvous with the
planet Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in

598
00:14:15,140 --> 00:14:15,150
planet Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in
 

599
00:14:15,150 --> 00:14:20,120
planet Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in
1989 Voyager project scientist dr. Eadie

600
00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:20,130
1989 Voyager project scientist dr. Eadie
 

601
00:14:20,130 --> 00:14:22,280
1989 Voyager project scientist dr. Eadie
stone made these observations about the

602
00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:22,290
stone made these observations about the
 

603
00:14:22,290 --> 00:14:25,100
stone made these observations about the
importance of this type research well I

604
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:25,110
importance of this type research well I
 

605
00:14:25,110 --> 00:14:28,580
importance of this type research well I
think we all want to understand where we

606
00:14:28,580 --> 00:14:28,590
think we all want to understand where we
 

607
00:14:28,590 --> 00:14:31,340
think we all want to understand where we
live and it's interesting that we now

608
00:14:31,340 --> 00:14:31,350
live and it's interesting that we now
 

609
00:14:31,350 --> 00:14:34,820
live and it's interesting that we now
have the capability to include in where

610
00:14:34,820 --> 00:14:34,830
have the capability to include in where
 

611
00:14:34,830 --> 00:14:36,680
have the capability to include in where
we live the solar system in which we

612
00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:36,690
we live the solar system in which we
 

613
00:14:36,690 --> 00:14:39,110
we live the solar system in which we
live now that is interesting because

614
00:14:39,110 --> 00:14:39,120
live now that is interesting because
 

615
00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:41,630
live now that is interesting because
we're very curious people and where we

616
00:14:41,630 --> 00:14:41,640
we're very curious people and where we
 

617
00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:43,220
we're very curious people and where we
live on one of the planets the solar

618
00:14:43,220 --> 00:14:43,230
live on one of the planets the solar
 

619
00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:45,470
live on one of the planets the solar
system which has obviously evolved to

620
00:14:45,470 --> 00:14:45,480
system which has obviously evolved to
 

621
00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:47,270
system which has obviously evolved to
where it is today and which is

622
00:14:47,270 --> 00:14:47,280
where it is today and which is
 

623
00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,030
where it is today and which is
continuing to evolve it's very difficult

624
00:14:50,030 --> 00:14:50,040
continuing to evolve it's very difficult
 

625
00:14:50,040 --> 00:14:52,370
continuing to evolve it's very difficult
when you're looking at something now to

626
00:14:52,370 --> 00:14:52,380
when you're looking at something now to
 

627
00:14:52,380 --> 00:14:54,950
when you're looking at something now to
be able to accurately go back in time

628
00:14:54,950 --> 00:14:54,960
be able to accurately go back in time
 

629
00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:57,590
be able to accurately go back in time
and or to go forward in time but by

630
00:14:57,590 --> 00:14:57,600
and or to go forward in time but by
 

631
00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,360
and or to go forward in time but by
looking at a number of examples of

632
00:14:59,360 --> 00:14:59,370
looking at a number of examples of
 

633
00:14:59,370 --> 00:15:01,670
looking at a number of examples of
things as they exist now in the solar

634
00:15:01,670 --> 00:15:01,680
things as they exist now in the solar
 

635
00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:03,920
things as they exist now in the solar
system I think we have a better idea of

636
00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:03,930
system I think we have a better idea of
 

637
00:15:03,930 --> 00:15:06,080
system I think we have a better idea of
both how to look backward in time to the

638
00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:06,090
both how to look backward in time to the
 

639
00:15:06,090 --> 00:15:07,910
both how to look backward in time to the
beginning and possibly how to look

640
00:15:07,910 --> 00:15:07,920
beginning and possibly how to look
 

641
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,310
beginning and possibly how to look
forward in time to how things will

642
00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:10,320
forward in time to how things will
 

643
00:15:10,320 --> 00:15:16,160
forward in time to how things will
evolve now let's turn to the inner solar

644
00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:16,170
evolve now let's turn to the inner solar
 

645
00:15:16,170 --> 00:15:18,770
evolve now let's turn to the inner solar
system to learn more about Venus from

646
00:15:18,770 --> 00:15:18,780
system to learn more about Venus from
 

647
00:15:18,780 --> 00:15:24,980
system to learn more about Venus from
this 1982 report stop the Earth's

648
00:15:24,980 --> 00:15:24,990
this 1982 report stop the Earth's
 

649
00:15:24,990 --> 00:15:27,230
this 1982 report stop the Earth's
rotation remove its friendly

650
00:15:27,230 --> 00:15:27,240
rotation remove its friendly
 

651
00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:29,870
rotation remove its friendly
neighborhood moon push it just slightly

652
00:15:29,870 --> 00:15:29,880
neighborhood moon push it just slightly
 

653
00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:32,960
neighborhood moon push it just slightly
closer to the Sun and scientists believe

654
00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:32,970
closer to the Sun and scientists believe
 

655
00:15:32,970 --> 00:15:35,150
closer to the Sun and scientists believe
the earth would become like this planet

656
00:15:35,150 --> 00:15:35,160
the earth would become like this planet
 

657
00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:38,750
the earth would become like this planet
Venus recent findings indicate that the

658
00:15:38,750 --> 00:15:38,760
Venus recent findings indicate that the
 

659
00:15:38,760 --> 00:15:40,850
Venus recent findings indicate that the
earth and Venus are identical in many

660
00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:40,860
earth and Venus are identical in many
 

661
00:15:40,860 --> 00:15:43,790
earth and Venus are identical in many
ways at one point in Venus history it

662
00:15:43,790 --> 00:15:43,800
ways at one point in Venus history it
 

663
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:46,160
ways at one point in Venus history it
might even if at oceans similar to ours

664
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:46,170
might even if at oceans similar to ours
 

665
00:15:46,170 --> 00:15:48,440
might even if at oceans similar to ours
these are some of the new discoveries

666
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:48,450
these are some of the new discoveries
 

667
00:15:48,450 --> 00:15:50,420
these are some of the new discoveries
resulting from an International Venus

668
00:15:50,420 --> 00:15:50,430
resulting from an International Venus
 

669
00:15:50,430 --> 00:15:52,790
resulting from an International Venus
science conference many of the new

670
00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:52,800
science conference many of the new
 

671
00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:54,380
science conference many of the new
findings have come from the several

672
00:15:54,380 --> 00:15:54,390
findings have come from the several
 

673
00:15:54,390 --> 00:15:56,960
findings have come from the several
pioneer Venus spacecraft sent there by

674
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:56,970
pioneer Venus spacecraft sent there by
 

675
00:15:56,970 --> 00:15:59,510
pioneer Venus spacecraft sent there by
NASA to study the cloud shrouded planet

676
00:15:59,510 --> 00:15:59,520
NASA to study the cloud shrouded planet
 

677
00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:02,720
NASA to study the cloud shrouded planet
at close range know that Venus has got

678
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:02,730
at close range know that Venus has got
 

679
00:16:02,730 --> 00:16:04,940
at close range know that Venus has got
dense sulfuric acid clouds that would

680
00:16:04,940 --> 00:16:04,950
dense sulfuric acid clouds that would
 

681
00:16:04,950 --> 00:16:06,620
dense sulfuric acid clouds that would
seem to us to be something like a smog

682
00:16:06,620 --> 00:16:06,630
seem to us to be something like a smog
 

683
00:16:06,630 --> 00:16:09,050
seem to us to be something like a smog
or a heavy fog which would burn your

684
00:16:09,050 --> 00:16:09,060
or a heavy fog which would burn your
 

685
00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:11,000
or a heavy fog which would burn your
skin if you were exposed to these clouds

686
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:11,010
skin if you were exposed to these clouds
 

687
00:16:11,010 --> 00:16:13,220
skin if you were exposed to these clouds
the bottom of the clouds is about 30

688
00:16:13,220 --> 00:16:13,230
the bottom of the clouds is about 30
 

689
00:16:13,230 --> 00:16:15,530
the bottom of the clouds is about 30
miles above the surface and below that

690
00:16:15,530 --> 00:16:15,540
miles above the surface and below that
 

691
00:16:15,540 --> 00:16:16,879
miles above the surface and below that
the atmosphere is

692
00:16:16,879 --> 00:16:16,889
the atmosphere is
 

693
00:16:16,889 --> 00:16:19,309
the atmosphere is
you can see for great distances as you

694
00:16:19,309 --> 00:16:19,319
you can see for great distances as you
 

695
00:16:19,319 --> 00:16:20,629
you can see for great distances as you
go deeper and deeper into the atmosphere

696
00:16:20,629 --> 00:16:20,639
go deeper and deeper into the atmosphere
 

697
00:16:20,639 --> 00:16:23,030
go deeper and deeper into the atmosphere
it gets hotter and hotter and eventually

698
00:16:23,030 --> 00:16:23,040
it gets hotter and hotter and eventually
 

699
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:24,979
it gets hotter and hotter and eventually
when you get to the surface it's about

700
00:16:24,979 --> 00:16:24,989
when you get to the surface it's about
 

701
00:16:24,989 --> 00:16:27,439
when you get to the surface it's about
800 degrees Fahrenheit uns like being

702
00:16:27,439 --> 00:16:27,449
800 degrees Fahrenheit uns like being
 

703
00:16:27,449 --> 00:16:29,629
800 degrees Fahrenheit uns like being
inside of a self-cleaning oven the

704
00:16:29,629 --> 00:16:29,639
inside of a self-cleaning oven the
 

705
00:16:29,639 --> 00:16:31,639
inside of a self-cleaning oven the
temperatures are so hot that it would

706
00:16:31,639 --> 00:16:31,649
temperatures are so hot that it would
 

707
00:16:31,649 --> 00:16:34,009
temperatures are so hot that it would
kill anyone who was exposed to them and

708
00:16:34,009 --> 00:16:34,019
kill anyone who was exposed to them and
 

709
00:16:34,019 --> 00:16:36,049
kill anyone who was exposed to them and
the pressures are equivalent to being

710
00:16:36,049 --> 00:16:36,059
the pressures are equivalent to being
 

711
00:16:36,059 --> 00:16:38,030
the pressures are equivalent to being
3,000 feet deep in the ocean so the

712
00:16:38,030 --> 00:16:38,040
3,000 feet deep in the ocean so the
 

713
00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:40,400
3,000 feet deep in the ocean so the
pressures would be crushing the light

714
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:40,410
pressures would be crushing the light
 

715
00:16:40,410 --> 00:16:42,470
pressures would be crushing the light
levels are so dim at the surface during

716
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:42,480
levels are so dim at the surface during
 

717
00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:44,629
levels are so dim at the surface during
the day that it's sort of like the

718
00:16:44,629 --> 00:16:44,639
the day that it's sort of like the
 

719
00:16:44,639 --> 00:16:46,849
the day that it's sort of like the
cloudiest day that we ever experience on

720
00:16:46,849 --> 00:16:46,859
cloudiest day that we ever experience on
 

721
00:16:46,859 --> 00:16:51,379
cloudiest day that we ever experience on
the earth so it's a dim hot crushing

722
00:16:51,379 --> 00:16:51,389
the earth so it's a dim hot crushing
 

723
00:16:51,389 --> 00:16:54,679
the earth so it's a dim hot crushing
place during the early years of the

724
00:16:54,679 --> 00:16:54,689
place during the early years of the
 

725
00:16:54,689 --> 00:16:56,749
place during the early years of the
solar system's history conditions may

726
00:16:56,749 --> 00:16:56,759
solar system's history conditions may
 

727
00:16:56,759 --> 00:16:58,759
solar system's history conditions may
have been right for life to exist on

728
00:16:58,759 --> 00:16:58,769
have been right for life to exist on
 

729
00:16:58,769 --> 00:17:01,309
have been right for life to exist on
Venus one of the key elements was water

730
00:17:01,309 --> 00:17:01,319
Venus one of the key elements was water
 

731
00:17:01,319 --> 00:17:03,439
Venus one of the key elements was water
according to geologist dr. Harold

732
00:17:03,439 --> 00:17:03,449
according to geologist dr. Harold
 

733
00:17:03,449 --> 00:17:06,620
according to geologist dr. Harold
Mazursky well we think that there was a

734
00:17:06,620 --> 00:17:06,630
Mazursky well we think that there was a
 

735
00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:09,980
Mazursky well we think that there was a
lot of water in Venus like there is on

736
00:17:09,980 --> 00:17:09,990
lot of water in Venus like there is on
 

737
00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:12,590
lot of water in Venus like there is on
the earth but it's not there now it's

738
00:17:12,590 --> 00:17:12,600
the earth but it's not there now it's
 

739
00:17:12,600 --> 00:17:14,779
the earth but it's not there now it's
way too hot there's water vapor in the

740
00:17:14,779 --> 00:17:14,789
way too hot there's water vapor in the
 

741
00:17:14,789 --> 00:17:18,110
way too hot there's water vapor in the
atmosphere so the big question is early

742
00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:18,120
atmosphere so the big question is early
 

743
00:17:18,120 --> 00:17:20,149
atmosphere so the big question is early
in its history did it have condensed

744
00:17:20,149 --> 00:17:20,159
in its history did it have condensed
 

745
00:17:20,159 --> 00:17:22,909
in its history did it have condensed
water on the surface and we can look for

746
00:17:22,909 --> 00:17:22,919
water on the surface and we can look for
 

747
00:17:22,919 --> 00:17:25,159
water on the surface and we can look for
that in high-resolution radar pictures

748
00:17:25,159 --> 00:17:25,169
that in high-resolution radar pictures
 

749
00:17:25,169 --> 00:17:27,169
that in high-resolution radar pictures
and the way we do it is you look for

750
00:17:27,169 --> 00:17:27,179
and the way we do it is you look for
 

751
00:17:27,179 --> 00:17:30,860
and the way we do it is you look for
shorelines because there are dried lakes

752
00:17:30,860 --> 00:17:30,870
shorelines because there are dried lakes
 

753
00:17:30,870 --> 00:17:32,690
shorelines because there are dried lakes
now in the western United States that

754
00:17:32,690 --> 00:17:32,700
now in the western United States that
 

755
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:34,370
now in the western United States that
were full of water during the Ice Age

756
00:17:34,370 --> 00:17:34,380
were full of water during the Ice Age
 

757
00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:36,350
were full of water during the Ice Age
and we can see that evidence clearly

758
00:17:36,350 --> 00:17:36,360
and we can see that evidence clearly
 

759
00:17:36,360 --> 00:17:39,080
and we can see that evidence clearly
there are short bars that were made when

760
00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:39,090
there are short bars that were made when
 

761
00:17:39,090 --> 00:17:41,060
there are short bars that were made when
there was water so we can look for those

762
00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:41,070
there was water so we can look for those
 

763
00:17:41,070 --> 00:17:43,430
there was water so we can look for those
kinds of things that may have been there

764
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:43,440
kinds of things that may have been there
 

765
00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:45,740
kinds of things that may have been there
in the past on Venus surface we were

766
00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:45,750
in the past on Venus surface we were
 

767
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:47,779
in the past on Venus surface we were
utterly surprised on Mars by

768
00:17:47,779 --> 00:17:47,789
utterly surprised on Mars by
 

769
00:17:47,789 --> 00:17:49,610
utterly surprised on Mars by
understanding that the history was

770
00:17:49,610 --> 00:17:49,620
understanding that the history was
 

771
00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:51,769
understanding that the history was
different early and the same thing is

772
00:17:51,769 --> 00:17:51,779
different early and the same thing is
 

773
00:17:51,779 --> 00:17:54,560
different early and the same thing is
true the earth so it would be strange if

774
00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:54,570
true the earth so it would be strange if
 

775
00:17:54,570 --> 00:17:56,690
true the earth so it would be strange if
Venus had always been the same as it is

776
00:17:56,690 --> 00:17:56,700
Venus had always been the same as it is
 

777
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:58,149
Venus had always been the same as it is
now

778
00:17:58,149 --> 00:17:58,159
now
 

779
00:17:58,159 --> 00:18:02,389
now
lightning active volcanoes upside-down

780
00:18:02,389 --> 00:18:02,399
lightning active volcanoes upside-down
 

781
00:18:02,399 --> 00:18:04,610
lightning active volcanoes upside-down
clouds that caused a drizzle of sulfuric

782
00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:04,620
clouds that caused a drizzle of sulfuric
 

783
00:18:04,620 --> 00:18:08,480
clouds that caused a drizzle of sulfuric
acid and a super hot surface slowly but

784
00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:08,490
acid and a super hot surface slowly but
 

785
00:18:08,490 --> 00:18:10,399
acid and a super hot surface slowly but
surely Venus is giving up some of its

786
00:18:10,399 --> 00:18:10,409
surely Venus is giving up some of its
 

787
00:18:10,409 --> 00:18:12,529
surely Venus is giving up some of its
secrets new information that will help

788
00:18:12,529 --> 00:18:12,539
secrets new information that will help
 

789
00:18:12,539 --> 00:18:14,629
secrets new information that will help
us better understand our own planet both

790
00:18:14,629 --> 00:18:14,639
us better understand our own planet both
 

791
00:18:14,639 --> 00:18:19,490
us better understand our own planet both
past and future by May 1983 when the

792
00:18:19,490 --> 00:18:19,500
past and future by May 1983 when the
 

793
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:22,070
past and future by May 1983 when the
next clip was released the Pioneer 10

794
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:22,080
next clip was released the Pioneer 10
 

795
00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:24,200
next clip was released the Pioneer 10
spacecraft was about to become the first

796
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:24,210
spacecraft was about to become the first
 

797
00:18:24,210 --> 00:18:26,419
spacecraft was about to become the first
man-made object to leave the solar

798
00:18:26,419 --> 00:18:26,429
man-made object to leave the solar
 

799
00:18:26,429 --> 00:18:31,730
man-made object to leave the solar
system

800
00:18:31,730 --> 00:18:31,740

 

801
00:18:31,740 --> 00:18:36,060

launched in 1972 NASA's pioneer 10

802
00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:36,070
launched in 1972 NASA's pioneer 10
 

803
00:18:36,070 --> 00:18:38,789
launched in 1972 NASA's pioneer 10
spacecraft has accomplished many firsts

804
00:18:38,789 --> 00:18:38,799
spacecraft has accomplished many firsts
 

805
00:18:38,799 --> 00:18:41,039
spacecraft has accomplished many firsts
over the course of its 11 years Space

806
00:18:41,039 --> 00:18:41,049
over the course of its 11 years Space
 

807
00:18:41,049 --> 00:18:43,950
over the course of its 11 years Space
Odyssey 1 was a successful passage

808
00:18:43,950 --> 00:18:43,960
Odyssey 1 was a successful passage
 

809
00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:46,529
Odyssey 1 was a successful passage
through the rocky asteroid belt a feat

810
00:18:46,529 --> 00:18:46,539
through the rocky asteroid belt a feat
 

811
00:18:46,539 --> 00:18:48,269
through the rocky asteroid belt a feat
which greatly alleviated the fears of

812
00:18:48,269 --> 00:18:48,279
which greatly alleviated the fears of
 

813
00:18:48,279 --> 00:18:50,580
which greatly alleviated the fears of
scientists concerned about damage too

814
00:18:50,580 --> 00:18:50,590
scientists concerned about damage too
 

815
00:18:50,590 --> 00:18:53,639
scientists concerned about damage too
far traveling spacecraft having safely

816
00:18:53,639 --> 00:18:53,649
far traveling spacecraft having safely
 

817
00:18:53,649 --> 00:18:55,049
far traveling spacecraft having safely
journeyed the some two and a half

818
00:18:55,049 --> 00:18:55,059
journeyed the some two and a half
 

819
00:18:55,059 --> 00:18:57,720
journeyed the some two and a half
billion miles to Jupiter pioneer 10

820
00:18:57,720 --> 00:18:57,730
billion miles to Jupiter pioneer 10
 

821
00:18:57,730 --> 00:18:59,220
billion miles to Jupiter pioneer 10
transmitted valuable scientific

822
00:18:59,220 --> 00:18:59,230
transmitted valuable scientific
 

823
00:18:59,230 --> 00:19:02,190
transmitted valuable scientific
information back to earth information

824
00:19:02,190 --> 00:19:02,200
information back to earth information
 

825
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:03,869
information back to earth information
shedding new light on the composition

826
00:19:03,869 --> 00:19:03,879
shedding new light on the composition
 

827
00:19:03,879 --> 00:19:06,560
shedding new light on the composition
and evolution of Jupiter and its moons

828
00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:06,570
and evolution of Jupiter and its moons
 

829
00:19:06,570 --> 00:19:11,039
and evolution of Jupiter and its moons
On June 13th of this year pioneer 10

830
00:19:11,039 --> 00:19:11,049
On June 13th of this year pioneer 10
 

831
00:19:11,049 --> 00:19:13,590
On June 13th of this year pioneer 10
will travel beyond all the known planets

832
00:19:13,590 --> 00:19:13,600
will travel beyond all the known planets
 

833
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,110
will travel beyond all the known planets
and become the first man-made object to

834
00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:16,120
and become the first man-made object to
 

835
00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:19,470
and become the first man-made object to
leave the solar system as NASA's Deep

836
00:19:19,470 --> 00:19:19,480
leave the solar system as NASA's Deep
 

837
00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:21,539
leave the solar system as NASA's Deep
Space Network continues to track the

838
00:19:21,539 --> 00:19:21,549
Space Network continues to track the
 

839
00:19:21,549 --> 00:19:23,730
Space Network continues to track the
spacecraft out to around five billion

840
00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:23,740
spacecraft out to around five billion
 

841
00:19:23,740 --> 00:19:26,190
spacecraft out to around five billion
miles researchers hope to learn more

842
00:19:26,190 --> 00:19:26,200
miles researchers hope to learn more
 

843
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:28,110
miles researchers hope to learn more
about the boundary between the sun's

844
00:19:28,110 --> 00:19:28,120
about the boundary between the sun's
 

845
00:19:28,120 --> 00:19:31,850
about the boundary between the sun's
atmosphere and true interstellar space

846
00:19:31,850 --> 00:19:31,860
atmosphere and true interstellar space
 

847
00:19:31,860 --> 00:19:34,919
atmosphere and true interstellar space
pioneer 10 a spacecraft that has

848
00:19:34,919 --> 00:19:34,929
pioneer 10 a spacecraft that has
 

849
00:19:34,929 --> 00:19:37,110
pioneer 10 a spacecraft that has
journeyed further than any other to the

850
00:19:37,110 --> 00:19:37,120
journeyed further than any other to the
 

851
00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:40,080
journeyed further than any other to the
outer planets and now beyond our solar

852
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:40,090
outer planets and now beyond our solar
 

853
00:19:40,090 --> 00:19:43,680
outer planets and now beyond our solar
system a man-made object which will from

854
00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:43,690
system a man-made object which will from
 

855
00:19:43,690 --> 00:19:45,889
system a man-made object which will from
a new vantage point in Whitman's words

856
00:19:45,889 --> 00:19:45,899
a new vantage point in Whitman's words
 

857
00:19:45,899 --> 00:19:52,500
a new vantage point in Whitman's words
look up in perfect silence at the Stars

858
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:52,510

 

859
00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:56,010

as pioneer ten is speeding out towards

860
00:19:56,010 --> 00:19:56,020
as pioneer ten is speeding out towards
 

861
00:19:56,020 --> 00:19:58,830
as pioneer ten is speeding out towards
the stars astronomers are using radio

862
00:19:58,830 --> 00:19:58,840
the stars astronomers are using radio
 

863
00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:01,350
the stars astronomers are using radio
telescopes to examine planets and stars

864
00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:01,360
telescopes to examine planets and stars
 

865
00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:08,730
telescopes to examine planets and stars
as this 1983 report shows astronomers

866
00:20:08,730 --> 00:20:08,740
as this 1983 report shows astronomers
 

867
00:20:08,740 --> 00:20:10,140
as this 1983 report shows astronomers
calculate that there are approximately

868
00:20:10,140 --> 00:20:10,150
calculate that there are approximately
 

869
00:20:10,150 --> 00:20:13,320
calculate that there are approximately
100 billion other stars in the Milky Way

870
00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:13,330
100 billion other stars in the Milky Way
 

871
00:20:13,330 --> 00:20:16,380
100 billion other stars in the Milky Way
an infinite number of these stars could

872
00:20:16,380 --> 00:20:16,390
an infinite number of these stars could
 

873
00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:18,360
an infinite number of these stars could
conceivably have planets orbiting them

874
00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:18,370
conceivably have planets orbiting them
 

875
00:20:18,370 --> 00:20:21,470
conceivably have planets orbiting them
possibly supporting some sort of life

876
00:20:21,470 --> 00:20:21,480
possibly supporting some sort of life
 

877
00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:24,080
possibly supporting some sort of life
a scientific approach to the search for

878
00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:24,090
a scientific approach to the search for
 

879
00:20:24,090 --> 00:20:26,210
a scientific approach to the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence has become

880
00:20:26,210 --> 00:20:26,220
extraterrestrial intelligence has become
 

881
00:20:26,220 --> 00:20:28,430
extraterrestrial intelligence has become
possible in recent years thanks to the

882
00:20:28,430 --> 00:20:28,440
possible in recent years thanks to the
 

883
00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:30,230
possible in recent years thanks to the
extraordinary development of new and

884
00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:30,240
extraordinary development of new and
 

885
00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:33,020
extraordinary development of new and
more sophisticated instrumentation radio

886
00:20:33,020 --> 00:20:33,030
more sophisticated instrumentation radio
 

887
00:20:33,030 --> 00:20:34,669
more sophisticated instrumentation radio
telescopes such as the Deep Space

888
00:20:34,669 --> 00:20:34,679
telescopes such as the Deep Space
 

889
00:20:34,679 --> 00:20:36,380
telescopes such as the Deep Space
Network at NASA's Jet Propulsion

890
00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:36,390
Network at NASA's Jet Propulsion
 

891
00:20:36,390 --> 00:20:39,230
Network at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in California are being used

892
00:20:39,230 --> 00:20:39,240
Laboratory in California are being used
 

893
00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:41,690
Laboratory in California are being used
by scientists as part of a five-year

894
00:20:41,690 --> 00:20:41,700
by scientists as part of a five-year
 

895
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:45,230
by scientists as part of a five-year
research program but the Big Ear on the

896
00:20:45,230 --> 00:20:45,240
research program but the Big Ear on the
 

897
00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:48,380
research program but the Big Ear on the
universe is the Arecibo Observatory the

898
00:20:48,380 --> 00:20:48,390
universe is the Arecibo Observatory the
 

899
00:20:48,390 --> 00:20:51,370
universe is the Arecibo Observatory the
world's largest radio radar telescope

900
00:20:51,370 --> 00:20:51,380
world's largest radio radar telescope
 

901
00:20:51,380 --> 00:20:53,750
world's largest radio radar telescope
flying deep within the mountains of

902
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:53,760
flying deep within the mountains of
 

903
00:20:53,760 --> 00:20:55,820
flying deep within the mountains of
northern border Rico in a natural

904
00:20:55,820 --> 00:20:55,830
northern border Rico in a natural
 

905
00:20:55,830 --> 00:20:57,830
northern border Rico in a natural
depression formed by the collapse of

906
00:20:57,830 --> 00:20:57,840
depression formed by the collapse of
 

907
00:20:57,840 --> 00:21:00,530
depression formed by the collapse of
huge limestone caves the instruments

908
00:21:00,530 --> 00:21:00,540
huge limestone caves the instruments
 

909
00:21:00,540 --> 00:21:02,840
huge limestone caves the instruments
collecting area is larger than all the

910
00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:02,850
collecting area is larger than all the
 

911
00:21:02,850 --> 00:21:04,789
collecting area is larger than all the
combined collecting areas of all

912
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:04,799
combined collecting areas of all
 

913
00:21:04,799 --> 00:21:07,850
combined collecting areas of all
telescopes ever built as a radio

914
00:21:07,850 --> 00:21:07,860
telescopes ever built as a radio
 

915
00:21:07,860 --> 00:21:09,950
telescopes ever built as a radio
receiver the 1,000 foot structure

916
00:21:09,950 --> 00:21:09,960
receiver the 1,000 foot structure
 

917
00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,990
receiver the 1,000 foot structure
listens for signals coming from other

918
00:21:11,990 --> 00:21:12,000
listens for signals coming from other
 

919
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,620
listens for signals coming from other
stars in our galaxy as a radar the

920
00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:15,630
stars in our galaxy as a radar the
 

921
00:21:15,630 --> 00:21:17,810
stars in our galaxy as a radar the
telescope sends out the strongest signal

922
00:21:17,810 --> 00:21:17,820
telescope sends out the strongest signal
 

923
00:21:17,820 --> 00:21:20,419
telescope sends out the strongest signal
now leaving earth a signal which may be

924
00:21:20,419 --> 00:21:20,429
now leaving earth a signal which may be
 

925
00:21:20,429 --> 00:21:22,610
now leaving earth a signal which may be
detected by similar instruments anywhere

926
00:21:22,610 --> 00:21:22,620
detected by similar instruments anywhere
 

927
00:21:22,620 --> 00:21:27,830
detected by similar instruments anywhere
in our galaxy operated by Cornell

928
00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:27,840
in our galaxy operated by Cornell
 

929
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,230
in our galaxy operated by Cornell
University the observatory was initially

930
00:21:30,230 --> 00:21:30,240
University the observatory was initially
 

931
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:32,240
University the observatory was initially
conceived to study the composition of

932
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:32,250
conceived to study the composition of
 

933
00:21:32,250 --> 00:21:35,000
conceived to study the composition of
the Earth's upper atmosphere later NASA

934
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:35,010
the Earth's upper atmosphere later NASA
 

935
00:21:35,010 --> 00:21:36,830
the Earth's upper atmosphere later NASA
supported the installation of a large

936
00:21:36,830 --> 00:21:36,840
supported the installation of a large
 

937
00:21:36,840 --> 00:21:39,140
supported the installation of a large
transmitter so it could be used to study

938
00:21:39,140 --> 00:21:39,150
transmitter so it could be used to study
 

939
00:21:39,150 --> 00:21:41,900
transmitter so it could be used to study
other planets in our solar system the

940
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:41,910
other planets in our solar system the
 

941
00:21:41,910 --> 00:21:44,210
other planets in our solar system the
surface roughness of Mars was examined

942
00:21:44,210 --> 00:21:44,220
surface roughness of Mars was examined
 

943
00:21:44,220 --> 00:21:49,090
surface roughness of Mars was examined
prior to the Viking landings in 1976

944
00:21:49,090 --> 00:21:49,100

 

945
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:51,320

high-resolution studies were also done

946
00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:51,330
high-resolution studies were also done
 

947
00:21:51,330 --> 00:21:54,230
high-resolution studies were also done
on Venus director of the Arecibo

948
00:21:54,230 --> 00:21:54,240
on Venus director of the Arecibo
 

949
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:56,659
on Venus director of the Arecibo
telescope is dr. Don Campbell NASA

950
00:21:56,659 --> 00:21:56,669
telescope is dr. Don Campbell NASA
 

951
00:21:56,669 --> 00:21:59,990
telescope is dr. Don Campbell NASA
realized the utility of the improved

952
00:21:59,990 --> 00:22:00,000
realized the utility of the improved
 

953
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:03,110
realized the utility of the improved
Arecibo telescope which would be

954
00:22:03,110 --> 00:22:03,120
Arecibo telescope which would be
 

955
00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:04,850
Arecibo telescope which would be
powerful enough to study the surface of

956
00:22:04,850 --> 00:22:04,860
powerful enough to study the surface of
 

957
00:22:04,860 --> 00:22:07,850
powerful enough to study the surface of
Venus it would also allow us to look

958
00:22:07,850 --> 00:22:07,860
Venus it would also allow us to look
 

959
00:22:07,860 --> 00:22:09,770
Venus it would also allow us to look
more with more detail at the surface and

960
00:22:09,770 --> 00:22:09,780
more with more detail at the surface and
 

961
00:22:09,780 --> 00:22:12,260
more with more detail at the surface and
mercury surfaces and Mars and laser

962
00:22:12,260 --> 00:22:12,270
mercury surfaces and Mars and laser
 

963
00:22:12,270 --> 00:22:17,539
mercury surfaces and Mars and laser
altitudes to complement the photography

964
00:22:17,539 --> 00:22:17,549
altitudes to complement the photography
 

965
00:22:17,549 --> 00:22:19,460
altitudes to complement the photography
that was done from the Viking orbiters

966
00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:19,470
that was done from the Viking orbiters
 

967
00:22:19,470 --> 00:22:22,130
that was done from the Viking orbiters
and also to look at the outer planets

968
00:22:22,130 --> 00:22:22,140
and also to look at the outer planets
 

969
00:22:22,140 --> 00:22:24,200
and also to look at the outer planets
the satellites of Jupiter the rings of

970
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:24,210
the satellites of Jupiter the rings of
 

971
00:22:24,210 --> 00:22:27,260
the satellites of Jupiter the rings of
Saturn and numerous asteroids and comets

972
00:22:27,260 --> 00:22:27,270
Saturn and numerous asteroids and comets
 

973
00:22:27,270 --> 00:22:32,510
Saturn and numerous asteroids and comets
that might come by the very large

974
00:22:32,510 --> 00:22:32,520
that might come by the very large
 

975
00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,880
that might come by the very large
collecting area captures radio waves

976
00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:34,890
collecting area captures radio waves
 

977
00:22:34,890 --> 00:22:35,270
collecting area captures radio waves
come

978
00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:35,280
come
 

979
00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:37,760
come
from stars and galaxies giving

980
00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:37,770
from stars and galaxies giving
 

981
00:22:37,770 --> 00:22:39,950
from stars and galaxies giving
scientists a clue to the distribution of

982
00:22:39,950 --> 00:22:39,960
scientists a clue to the distribution of
 

983
00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:42,590
scientists a clue to the distribution of
mass throughout the universe other

984
00:22:42,590 --> 00:22:42,600
mass throughout the universe other
 

985
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,080
mass throughout the universe other
interesting cosmic radio sources are

986
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:45,090
interesting cosmic radio sources are
 

987
00:22:45,090 --> 00:22:48,860
interesting cosmic radio sources are
pulsars dying stars which emit pulsating

988
00:22:48,860 --> 00:22:48,870
pulsars dying stars which emit pulsating
 

989
00:22:48,870 --> 00:22:53,390
pulsars dying stars which emit pulsating
radio signals as they spin in space one

990
00:22:53,390 --> 00:22:53,400
radio signals as they spin in space one
 

991
00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:54,860
radio signals as they spin in space one
of these fascinating stars was

992
00:22:54,860 --> 00:22:54,870
of these fascinating stars was
 

993
00:22:54,870 --> 00:22:58,250
of these fascinating stars was
discovered at Arecibo in 1982 director

994
00:22:58,250 --> 00:22:58,260
discovered at Arecibo in 1982 director
 

995
00:22:58,260 --> 00:23:00,950
discovered at Arecibo in 1982 director
of radio astronomy at Arecibo is dr.

996
00:23:00,950 --> 00:23:00,960
of radio astronomy at Arecibo is dr.
 

997
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:05,090
of radio astronomy at Arecibo is dr.
Mike Davis this new pulsar that has been

998
00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:05,100
Mike Davis this new pulsar that has been
 

999
00:23:05,100 --> 00:23:06,670
Mike Davis this new pulsar that has been
discovered recently at the observatory

1000
00:23:06,670 --> 00:23:06,680
discovered recently at the observatory
 

1001
00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:12,110
discovered recently at the observatory
is rotating 642 times per second that's

1002
00:23:12,110 --> 00:23:12,120
is rotating 642 times per second that's
 

1003
00:23:12,120 --> 00:23:15,620
is rotating 642 times per second that's
more than 20 times as fast as the next

1004
00:23:15,620 --> 00:23:15,630
more than 20 times as fast as the next
 

1005
00:23:15,630 --> 00:23:17,180
more than 20 times as fast as the next
fastest pulsar the one in the Crab

1006
00:23:17,180 --> 00:23:17,190
fastest pulsar the one in the Crab
 

1007
00:23:17,190 --> 00:23:19,880
fastest pulsar the one in the Crab
Nebula and these neutron stars as

1008
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:19,890
Nebula and these neutron stars as
 

1009
00:23:19,890 --> 00:23:21,560
Nebula and these neutron stars as
they're called were predicted as long

1010
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:21,570
they're called were predicted as long
 

1011
00:23:21,570 --> 00:23:24,590
they're called were predicted as long
ago as 1934 but nobody knew that they

1012
00:23:24,590 --> 00:23:24,600
ago as 1934 but nobody knew that they
 

1013
00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:27,410
ago as 1934 but nobody knew that they
would come with a rotating flashlight

1014
00:23:27,410 --> 00:23:27,420
would come with a rotating flashlight
 

1015
00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:30,740
would come with a rotating flashlight
beacon like a lighthouse shining out to

1016
00:23:30,740 --> 00:23:30,750
beacon like a lighthouse shining out to
 

1017
00:23:30,750 --> 00:23:33,650
beacon like a lighthouse shining out to
sea every time this beacon flashes past

1018
00:23:33,650 --> 00:23:33,660
sea every time this beacon flashes past
 

1019
00:23:33,660 --> 00:23:35,860
sea every time this beacon flashes past
the observatory we pick up a pulse

1020
00:23:35,860 --> 00:23:35,870
the observatory we pick up a pulse
 

1021
00:23:35,870 --> 00:23:38,390
the observatory we pick up a pulse
astronomers have also detected quasars

1022
00:23:38,390 --> 00:23:38,400
astronomers have also detected quasars
 

1023
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:40,610
astronomers have also detected quasars
emitting enormous quantities of radio

1024
00:23:40,610 --> 00:23:40,620
emitting enormous quantities of radio
 

1025
00:23:40,620 --> 00:23:42,890
emitting enormous quantities of radio
energy which traveling at the speed of

1026
00:23:42,890 --> 00:23:42,900
energy which traveling at the speed of
 

1027
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:45,140
energy which traveling at the speed of
light have taken as long as 10 billion

1028
00:23:45,140 --> 00:23:45,150
light have taken as long as 10 billion
 

1029
00:23:45,150 --> 00:23:51,560
light have taken as long as 10 billion
years to reach Earth Arecibo listening

1030
00:23:51,560 --> 00:23:51,570
years to reach Earth Arecibo listening
 

1031
00:23:51,570 --> 00:23:53,840
years to reach Earth Arecibo listening
for signals from space in an attempt to

1032
00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:53,850
for signals from space in an attempt to
 

1033
00:23:53,850 --> 00:23:56,030
for signals from space in an attempt to
solve some of the mysteries of our

1034
00:23:56,030 --> 00:23:56,040
solve some of the mysteries of our
 

1035
00:23:56,040 --> 00:24:01,160
solve some of the mysteries of our
universe our final report shows how an

1036
00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:01,170
universe our final report shows how an
 

1037
00:24:01,170 --> 00:24:03,410
universe our final report shows how an
international group of probes was to

1038
00:24:03,410 --> 00:24:03,420
international group of probes was to
 

1039
00:24:03,420 --> 00:24:06,590
international group of probes was to
study comet Halley and how Voyager 2 was

1040
00:24:06,590 --> 00:24:06,600
study comet Halley and how Voyager 2 was
 

1041
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:10,160
study comet Halley and how Voyager 2 was
approaching the planet Uranus comet

1042
00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:10,170
approaching the planet Uranus comet
 

1043
00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:12,710
approaching the planet Uranus comet
Halley is making its regular 76 year

1044
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:12,720
Halley is making its regular 76 year
 

1045
00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:15,290
Halley is making its regular 76 year
pilgrimage around our Sun as it has been

1046
00:24:15,290 --> 00:24:15,300
pilgrimage around our Sun as it has been
 

1047
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:18,140
pilgrimage around our Sun as it has been
doing for countless centuries the comet

1048
00:24:18,140 --> 00:24:18,150
doing for countless centuries the comet
 

1049
00:24:18,150 --> 00:24:19,790
doing for countless centuries the comet
is the target of study for five

1050
00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:19,800
is the target of study for five
 

1051
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:22,370
is the target of study for five
exploratory spacecraft from Europe Japan

1052
00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:22,380
exploratory spacecraft from Europe Japan
 

1053
00:24:22,380 --> 00:24:23,780
exploratory spacecraft from Europe Japan
and the Soviet Union

1054
00:24:23,780 --> 00:24:23,790
and the Soviet Union
 

1055
00:24:23,790 --> 00:24:26,330
and the Soviet Union
each whizzing by the giant snowball of

1056
00:24:26,330 --> 00:24:26,340
each whizzing by the giant snowball of
 

1057
00:24:26,340 --> 00:24:29,180
each whizzing by the giant snowball of
ice gas and dust from different vantage

1058
00:24:29,180 --> 00:24:29,190
ice gas and dust from different vantage
 

1059
00:24:29,190 --> 00:24:32,300
ice gas and dust from different vantage
points the European Space Agency's

1060
00:24:32,300 --> 00:24:32,310
points the European Space Agency's
 

1061
00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:34,340
points the European Space Agency's
Giotto spacecraft will be the most

1062
00:24:34,340 --> 00:24:34,350
Giotto spacecraft will be the most
 

1063
00:24:34,350 --> 00:24:36,590
Giotto spacecraft will be the most
daring probe by taking a flight path

1064
00:24:36,590 --> 00:24:36,600
daring probe by taking a flight path
 

1065
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,230
daring probe by taking a flight path
just 300 miles in front of the Comets

1066
00:24:39,230 --> 00:24:39,240
just 300 miles in front of the Comets
 

1067
00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:41,870
just 300 miles in front of the Comets
head Giotto hopes to photograph the

1068
00:24:41,870 --> 00:24:41,880
head Giotto hopes to photograph the
 

1069
00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:43,280
head Giotto hopes to photograph the
comet's nucleus

1070
00:24:43,280 --> 00:24:43,290
comet's nucleus
 

1071
00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,260
comet's nucleus
two other highly instrumented Soviet

1072
00:24:46,260 --> 00:24:46,270
two other highly instrumented Soviet
 

1073
00:24:46,270 --> 00:24:49,110
two other highly instrumented Soviet
spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 are

1074
00:24:49,110 --> 00:24:49,120
spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 are
 

1075
00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:51,060
spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 are
scheduled to fly by the comet at a

1076
00:24:51,060 --> 00:24:51,070
scheduled to fly by the comet at a
 

1077
00:24:51,070 --> 00:24:53,520
scheduled to fly by the comet at a
distance of six thousand miles hoping

1078
00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:53,530
distance of six thousand miles hoping
 

1079
00:24:53,530 --> 00:24:55,710
distance of six thousand miles hoping
also to obtain images of the comet's

1080
00:24:55,710 --> 00:24:55,720
also to obtain images of the comet's
 

1081
00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:59,280
also to obtain images of the comet's
nucleus lastly two japanese spacecraft

1082
00:24:59,280 --> 00:24:59,290
nucleus lastly two japanese spacecraft
 

1083
00:24:59,290 --> 00:25:01,920
nucleus lastly two japanese spacecraft
studying halle our planet a which

1084
00:25:01,920 --> 00:25:01,930
studying halle our planet a which
 

1085
00:25:01,930 --> 00:25:03,630
studying halle our planet a which
approaches the Sun would side of Halle

1086
00:25:03,630 --> 00:25:03,640
approaches the Sun would side of Halle
 

1087
00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:06,240
approaches the Sun would side of Halle
at a distance of 120 thousand miles and

1088
00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:06,250
at a distance of 120 thousand miles and
 

1089
00:25:06,250 --> 00:25:09,360
at a distance of 120 thousand miles and
Sakigake which will pass about 4 million

1090
00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:09,370
Sakigake which will pass about 4 million
 

1091
00:25:09,370 --> 00:25:12,570
Sakigake which will pass about 4 million
miles from the comet in order to get the

1092
00:25:12,570 --> 00:25:12,580
miles from the comet in order to get the
 

1093
00:25:12,580 --> 00:25:14,370
miles from the comet in order to get the
best use out of all the research being

1094
00:25:14,370 --> 00:25:14,380
best use out of all the research being
 

1095
00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,380
best use out of all the research being
done on the comet the International

1096
00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:16,390
done on the comet the International
 

1097
00:25:16,390 --> 00:25:19,200
done on the comet the International
Halle watch was organized thousands of

1098
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:19,210
Halle watch was organized thousands of
 

1099
00:25:19,210 --> 00:25:20,970
Halle watch was organized thousands of
scientists and amateur and professional

1100
00:25:20,970 --> 00:25:20,980
scientists and amateur and professional
 

1101
00:25:20,980 --> 00:25:23,880
scientists and amateur and professional
astronomers from 47 different countries

1102
00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:23,890
astronomers from 47 different countries
 

1103
00:25:23,890 --> 00:25:26,850
astronomers from 47 different countries
have joined forces the Halle encounter

1104
00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:26,860
have joined forces the Halle encounter
 

1105
00:25:26,860 --> 00:25:29,400
have joined forces the Halle encounter
is a once-in-a-lifetime chance to study

1106
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:29,410
is a once-in-a-lifetime chance to study
 

1107
00:25:29,410 --> 00:25:31,440
is a once-in-a-lifetime chance to study
one of the most primitive objects in our

1108
00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:31,450
one of the most primitive objects in our
 

1109
00:25:31,450 --> 00:25:35,520
one of the most primitive objects in our
solar system a program dedicated to

1110
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:35,530
solar system a program dedicated to
 

1111
00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:37,050
solar system a program dedicated to
visiting some of the planets in our

1112
00:25:37,050 --> 00:25:37,060
visiting some of the planets in our
 

1113
00:25:37,060 --> 00:25:39,420
visiting some of the planets in our
solar system with two unmanned probes

1114
00:25:39,420 --> 00:25:39,430
solar system with two unmanned probes
 

1115
00:25:39,430 --> 00:25:41,940
solar system with two unmanned probes
has had a history of success ever since

1116
00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:41,950
has had a history of success ever since
 

1117
00:25:41,950 --> 00:25:45,510
has had a history of success ever since
its beginning in 1977 Voyager 1 and

1118
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:45,520
its beginning in 1977 Voyager 1 and
 

1119
00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:47,970
its beginning in 1977 Voyager 1 and
Voyager 2 were both launched on their

1120
00:25:47,970 --> 00:25:47,980
Voyager 2 were both launched on their
 

1121
00:25:47,980 --> 00:25:50,880
Voyager 2 were both launched on their
way to Jupiter and Saturn now having

1122
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:50,890
way to Jupiter and Saturn now having
 

1123
00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:53,250
way to Jupiter and Saturn now having
logged nearly 2 billion miles in space

1124
00:25:53,250 --> 00:25:53,260
logged nearly 2 billion miles in space
 

1125
00:25:53,260 --> 00:25:56,670
logged nearly 2 billion miles in space
since 1977 Voyager 2 will point its

1126
00:25:56,670 --> 00:25:56,680
since 1977 Voyager 2 will point its
 

1127
00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:58,950
since 1977 Voyager 2 will point its
sensors and TV cameras at a planet we

1128
00:25:58,950 --> 00:25:58,960
sensors and TV cameras at a planet we
 

1129
00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,520
sensors and TV cameras at a planet we
have never seen up close Uranus

1130
00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:01,530
have never seen up close Uranus
 

1131
00:26:01,530 --> 00:26:04,110
have never seen up close Uranus
Voyager project scientist dr. Edward

1132
00:26:04,110 --> 00:26:04,120
Voyager project scientist dr. Edward
 

1133
00:26:04,120 --> 00:26:06,210
Voyager project scientist dr. Edward
stone NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

1134
00:26:06,210 --> 00:26:06,220
stone NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 

1135
00:26:06,220 --> 00:26:08,970
stone NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
in Pasadena California well there are

1136
00:26:08,970 --> 00:26:08,980
in Pasadena California well there are
 

1137
00:26:08,980 --> 00:26:10,650
in Pasadena California well there are
several unique things about Uranus first

1138
00:26:10,650 --> 00:26:10,660
several unique things about Uranus first
 

1139
00:26:10,660 --> 00:26:12,210
several unique things about Uranus first
of all it's the most remote planet that

1140
00:26:12,210 --> 00:26:12,220
of all it's the most remote planet that
 

1141
00:26:12,220 --> 00:26:13,680
of all it's the most remote planet that
we will we will have visited in the

1142
00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:13,690
we will we will have visited in the
 

1143
00:26:13,690 --> 00:26:16,290
we will we will have visited in the
Solar System it formed in a much colder

1144
00:26:16,290 --> 00:26:16,300
Solar System it formed in a much colder
 

1145
00:26:16,300 --> 00:26:18,270
Solar System it formed in a much colder
region of the solar nebula and therefore

1146
00:26:18,270 --> 00:26:18,280
region of the solar nebula and therefore
 

1147
00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:19,710
region of the solar nebula and therefore
is made of different materials than

1148
00:26:19,710 --> 00:26:19,720
is made of different materials than
 

1149
00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:22,020
is made of different materials than
either Jupiter or Saturn so we will be

1150
00:26:22,020 --> 00:26:22,030
either Jupiter or Saturn so we will be
 

1151
00:26:22,030 --> 00:26:23,790
either Jupiter or Saturn so we will be
studying the different properties of

1152
00:26:23,790 --> 00:26:23,800
studying the different properties of
 

1153
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,070
studying the different properties of
Uranus and its satellites the other

1154
00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:26,080
Uranus and its satellites the other
 

1155
00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:27,720
Uranus and its satellites the other
interesting thing about Uranus is that

1156
00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:27,730
interesting thing about Uranus is that
 

1157
00:26:27,730 --> 00:26:29,310
interesting thing about Uranus is that
it's tipped over on its side with its

1158
00:26:29,310 --> 00:26:29,320
it's tipped over on its side with its
 

1159
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:31,320
it's tipped over on its side with its
spin axis at this time basically

1160
00:26:31,320 --> 00:26:31,330
spin axis at this time basically
 

1161
00:26:31,330 --> 00:26:33,210
spin axis at this time basically
pointing at the Sun so it's it has a

1162
00:26:33,210 --> 00:26:33,220
pointing at the Sun so it's it has a
 

1163
00:26:33,220 --> 00:26:34,530
pointing at the Sun so it's it has a
much different orientation with respect

1164
00:26:34,530 --> 00:26:34,540
much different orientation with respect
 

1165
00:26:34,540 --> 00:26:36,159
much different orientation with respect
to the Sun

1166
00:26:36,159 --> 00:26:36,169
to the Sun
 

1167
00:26:36,169 --> 00:26:38,229
to the Sun
many questions will be answered during

1168
00:26:38,229 --> 00:26:38,239
many questions will be answered during
 

1169
00:26:38,239 --> 00:26:40,840
many questions will be answered during
the encounter before the tiny one-ton

1170
00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:40,850
the encounter before the tiny one-ton
 

1171
00:26:40,850 --> 00:26:43,149
the encounter before the tiny one-ton
spacecraft ventures even further into

1172
00:26:43,149 --> 00:26:43,159
spacecraft ventures even further into
 

1173
00:26:43,159 --> 00:26:45,159
spacecraft ventures even further into
our solar system to visit the eighth

1174
00:26:45,159 --> 00:26:45,169
our solar system to visit the eighth
 

1175
00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:49,389
our solar system to visit the eighth
planet from the Sun Neptune Voyager to

1176
00:26:49,389 --> 00:26:49,399
planet from the Sun Neptune Voyager to
 

1177
00:26:49,399 --> 00:26:52,019
planet from the Sun Neptune Voyager to
successfully examine Uranus in early

1178
00:26:52,019 --> 00:26:52,029
successfully examine Uranus in early
 

1179
00:26:52,029 --> 00:26:56,019
successfully examine Uranus in early
1986 comet Halley was also studied by an

1180
00:26:56,019 --> 00:26:56,029
1986 comet Halley was also studied by an
 

1181
00:26:56,029 --> 00:26:58,960
1986 comet Halley was also studied by an
armada of spacecraft during an X program

1182
00:26:58,960 --> 00:26:58,970
armada of spacecraft during an X program
 

1183
00:26:58,970 --> 00:27:01,359
armada of spacecraft during an X program
we'll see comet Halley and Uranus

1184
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:01,369
we'll see comet Halley and Uranus
 

1185
00:27:01,369 --> 00:27:04,060
we'll see comet Halley and Uranus
results that's all we have for this

1186
00:27:04,060 --> 00:27:04,070
results that's all we have for this
 

1187
00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:06,849
results that's all we have for this
edition of NASA images but before we go

1188
00:27:06,849 --> 00:27:06,859
edition of NASA images but before we go
 

1189
00:27:06,859 --> 00:27:09,340
edition of NASA images but before we go
let me remind you that you're cordially

1190
00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:09,350
let me remind you that you're cordially
 

1191
00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:11,619
let me remind you that you're cordially
invited to see the displays at the

1192
00:27:11,619 --> 00:27:11,629
invited to see the displays at the
 

1193
00:27:11,629 --> 00:27:13,690
invited to see the displays at the
visitor center here at the NASA Lewis

1194
00:27:13,690 --> 00:27:13,700
visitor center here at the NASA Lewis
 

1195
00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:16,090
visitor center here at the NASA Lewis
Research Center we're located near the

1196
00:27:16,090 --> 00:27:16,100
Research Center we're located near the
 

1197
00:27:16,100 --> 00:27:17,919
Research Center we're located near the
Hopkins International Airport in

1198
00:27:17,919 --> 00:27:17,929
Hopkins International Airport in
 

1199
00:27:17,929 --> 00:27:21,279
Hopkins International Airport in
Cleveland admission is free until next

1200
00:27:21,279 --> 00:27:21,289
Cleveland admission is free until next
 

1201
00:27:21,289 --> 00:27:23,440
Cleveland admission is free until next
time this is lynn Bondurant saying

1202
00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:23,450
time this is lynn Bondurant saying
 

1203
00:27:23,450 --> 00:27:25,749
time this is lynn Bondurant saying
goodbye